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After treatment and remission

My MRD results

MRD (measurable residual disease) is a sensitive test that finds small numbers of leukaemia cells not visible with an ordinary microscope. Its results are a core part of follow-up.

Last updated: ~1 min read
An amber point among pale lights.
Figure 1.A few among millions.

01Short answer

MRD is measured by flow cytometry, PCR or NGS. A result is usually written as “negative” (not detected) or “positive” at a certain level. The trend over time matters more than a single result. Different methods have different sensitivity, so write the method and laboratory next to each result. In CML, BCR-ABL1 molecular monitoring plays a similar role.

02Simple explanation

MRD is a very sensitive test.

Results: negative or positive.

The trend matters more than one result.

Record the method.

Get the interpretation from your doctor.

03Scientific explanation

Outlook: in ALL and AML, MRD status is a strong indicator of relapse risk.

Decisions: an MRD result can affect treatment intensity and the transplant decision.

Sensitivity: methods can detect from one cell in a hundred thousand to one in a million.

04What happens in the body?

Seeing the invisible

MRD finds a few leukaemia cells among millions of normal ones.

Trend

Think of results as a graph; the direction matters.

A descending line of light.
Figure 2.MRD trend — My MRD results

Method

Flow cytometry, PCR and NGS differ in sensitivity.

A lens over a tube — My MRD results
Figure 3.A sensitive test — My MRD results

A positive result

Does not always mean relapse; your doctor decides on a repeat test or plan change.

05Following MRD

Four steps.

Record — Each result.1RecordEach result.
Method — Which method?2MethodWhich method?
Same lab — When possible.3Same labWhen possible.
Discuss — Ask about the trend.4DiscussAsk about the trend.
Early sightChange is seen early.
ConsistencyResults can be compared.
CalmThe meaning is clear.

06Key points at a glance

TopicIn brief
Seeing the invisibleMRD finds a few leukaemia cells among millions of normal ones.
TrendThink of results as a graph; the direction matters.
MethodFlow cytometry, PCR and NGS differ in sensitivity.
A positive resultDoes not always mean relapse; your doctor decides on a repeat test or plan change.

07Key terms

MRD
Measurable residual disease.
MRD-negative
Not detected by the test.
Sensitivity
The smallest level a test can detect.
BCR-ABL1
The gene followed in CML.
Trend
How results change over time.

08Key points

  • Record each result with its date.
  • Note the method and laboratory.
  • Use the same lab when possible.
  • Ask about the trend.
  • Do not interpret it yourself.

09Frequently asked questions

Does MRD-positive mean relapse?

Not always; your doctor assesses it in context.

How often is it checked?

It depends on the leukaemia type and treatment; your doctor will give a schedule.

Does MRD-negative mean the disease is gone for good?

It is a good result, but follow-up continues.

Does this information replace medical advice?

No. This is general education; only your treating doctor can assess your situation.

10Questions for your doctor

Take these questions to your appointment. The ones you save are collected on the “My questions” page and stay on this device only.

  1. Does MRD-positive mean relapse?

  2. How often is it checked?

  3. Does MRD-negative mean the disease is gone for good?

  4. Does this information replace medical advice?

My questions

12Sources

  1. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Definition: minimal residual disease
  2. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
  3. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
  4. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Follow-Up Medical Care
  5. Cancer.Net (ASCO). Follow-Up Care After Cancer Treatment
  6. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Cancer Survivorship
  7. MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Healthy Sleep
  8. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2016. Qaseem A et al. Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: ACP Clinical Practice Guideline
  9. American Cancer Society. Skin Cancer Prevention: Protect your skin from UV rays
  10. NHS. How to keep your teeth clean
Medical disclaimerThis information is for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice.
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