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After treatment and remission

My diagnosis and subtype

The exact name and subtype of leukaemia determine treatment, follow-up and future risks. It is important to know it precisely and write it down.

Last updated: ~1 min read
A tree of leukaemia types
Figure 1.A tree of leukaemia types.

01Short answer

There are four main types: ALL, AML, CML and CLL, but each contains many subtypes. The subtype is defined by how the cells look, the immunophenotype (for example B-cell or T-cell ALL) and genetic changes (for example the Philadelphia chromosome, NPM1, FLT3). The diagnosis is written using the WHO or ICC classifications. Copy the exact name from the pathology report into your records and ask your doctor what it means for you.

02Simple explanation

Four main types: ALL, AML, CML, CLL.

Each has subtypes.

The subtype comes from immunophenotype and genetics.

Copy the exact name from the report.

Ask your doctor what it means.

03Scientific explanation

Classification: the WHO 5th edition and ICC 2022 divide leukaemias more precisely by genetic features.

Risk group: in AML, the ELN risk classification is based on genetics.

It can change: new genetic changes can appear at relapse; keep old and new results separately.

04What happens in the body?

Type and subtype

“AML” is the general name; “AML with NPM1 mutation” is a precise subtype.

Cell markers

Flow cytometry shows the markers on the cell surface.

A cell with badges on its surface.
Figure 2.Cell markers — My diagnosis and subtype

The report

The exact name is written in the pathology or haematopathology report.

An envelope on a microscope base.
Figure 3.The pathology report.

Why it matters

The subtype decides treatment, the transplant decision and follow-up tests.

05Recording your diagnosis

Four steps.

Find — Find the original report.1FindFind the original report.
Copy — The exact name.2CopyThe exact name.
Classify — Which classification?3ClassifyWhich classification?
Ask — What it means.4AskWhat it means.
AccuracyThe name is written correctly.
UnderstandingYou know what it means.
ContinuityA new doctor understands quickly.

06Key points at a glance

TopicIn brief
Type and subtype“AML” is the general name; “AML with NPM1 mutation” is a precise subtype.
Cell markersFlow cytometry shows the markers on the cell surface.
The reportThe exact name is written in the pathology or haematopathology report.
Why it mattersThe subtype decides treatment, the transplant decision and follow-up tests.

07Key terms

Subtype
A more precise form of leukaemia.
Immunophenotype
Markers on the cell surface.
Karyotype
How the chromosomes look.
Risk group
A group based on the expected course.
WHO/ICC
International classifications.

08Key points

  • Get a copy of the report.
  • Copy the exact name.
  • Add your genetic results.
  • Ask about your risk group.
  • At relapse, record new results separately.

09Frequently asked questions

Can my diagnosis be written differently in other countries?

Yes, classifications can differ, so keep the original report.

Does the subtype matter?

Yes, treatment and follow-up depend on it.

I do not understand the report.

Ask your doctor to explain it in plain language.

Does this information replace medical advice?

No. This is general education; only your treating doctor can assess your situation.

10Questions for your doctor

Take these questions to your appointment. The ones you save are collected on the “My questions” page and stay on this device only.

  1. Can my diagnosis be written differently in other countries?

  2. Does the subtype matter?

  3. I do not understand the report.

  4. Does this information replace medical advice?

My questions

12Sources

  1. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
  2. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
  3. MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Genetic Testing
  4. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Follow-Up Medical Care
  5. Cancer.Net (ASCO). Follow-Up Care After Cancer Treatment
  6. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Cancer Survivorship
  7. National Cancer Institute (NCI). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: disease-free survival
  8. MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Thyroid Tests
  9. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS). Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) — overview
  10. MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Karyotype Genetic Test
Medical disclaimerThis information is for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice.
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