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Research and new methods

Sensitive MRD testing: finding the invisible

MRD (minimal residual disease) means leukaemia cells in remission that cannot be seen with an ordinary microscope but can be found with sensitive tests. Measuring MRD is one of the most important tools for refining risk and treatment.

Last updated: ~1 min read
One cell
Figure 1.One cell — Sensitive MRD testing: finding the invisible

01Short answer

Flow cytometry, PCR and NGS can find from one abnormal cell in ten thousand to one in a million. An MRD-negative result is usually linked to a better outlook, while MRD-positive means a higher risk of relapse and can influence decisions about stronger treatment or a transplant. Research is testing even more sensitive tests and shortening or changing treatment based on MRD. The trend over time matters more than a single result.

02Simple explanation

Invisible cells.

Down to one in a million.

Risk and decisions.

The trend matters.

03Scientific explanation

NCI: minimal residual disease is a small number of cancer cells left after treatment, measured with sensitive tests.

NCI: new treatments are tested step by step, from the laboratory to clinical trials; only those proven safe and beneficial become standard care.

04What happens in the body?

Sensitivity

The smallest share of cells a test can find.

A scientist preparing a sample at a flow cytometer workstation
Figure 2.A flow cytometer — the instrument behind many MRD tests

MRD-guided treatment

Adjusting treatment by MRD in trials.

A falling line
Figure 3.A falling line — Sensitive MRD testing: finding the invisible

How to read the news

Research news brings hope, but not every advance suits everyone. Look at who it was tested in, at what phase and in how many people.

Talk to your doctor

Show your doctor what you have read; they will explain how it relates to your diagnosis and treatment. Do not change your treatment on your own.

05From research news to a conversation: four steps

Read, check, ask, decide together.

Read — From a trusted source.1ReadFrom a trusted source.
Check — Phase, participants, result.2CheckPhase, participants, result.
Ask — Show your doctor.3AskShow your doctor.
Decide — Together, without rushing.4DecideTogether, without rushing.
SourceA trusted site.
DoctorA personal explanation.
SafetyNot changing treatment yourself.

06Key points at a glance

TopicIn brief
SensitivityThe smallest share of cells a test can find.
MRD-guided treatmentAdjusting treatment by MRD in trials.
How to read the newsResearch news brings hope, but not every advance suits everyone. Look at who it was tested in, at what phase and in how many people.
Talk to your doctorShow your doctor what you have read; they will explain how it relates to your diagnosis and treatment. Do not change your treatment on your own.

07Key terms

MRD
Minimal residual disease.
Flow cytometry
A method that counts and identifies cells using light.
Clinical trial
Testing a new treatment with volunteers.
Evidence
A result confirmed by reliable research.

08Key points

  • Measure.
  • Repeat.
  • Discuss.
  • Check the source.
  • Talk to your doctor.

09Frequently asked questions

Does MRD-negative mean I am cured?

No; it is a very good sign, but follow-up continues.

What does MRD-positive mean?

Your doctor will explain the plan for further treatment or monitoring.

Is this advance right for me?

Only your treating doctor can say, based on your diagnosis, stage and condition.

10Questions for your doctor

Take these questions to your appointment. The ones you save are collected on the “My questions” page and stay on this device only.

  1. Does MRD-negative mean I am cured?

  2. What does MRD-positive mean?

  3. Is this advance right for me?

My questions

12Sources

  1. National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: minimal residual disease
  2. National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: flow cytometry
  3. National Cancer Institute. Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®) – Patient Version
  4. National Cancer Institute. What Are Clinical Trials?
  5. National Cancer Institute. Phases of Clinical Trials
  6. National Cancer Institute. Using Trusted Resources
  7. National Cancer Institute. Randomization in Clinical Trials
  8. National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: randomized clinical trial
  9. National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: overall survival
  10. National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: somatic mutation
Medical disclaimerThis information is for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice.
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